Its relatively low velocity and a lack of modern armor-piercing ammunition limited its effectiveness as an anti-tank weapon. The gun could not be elevated beyond eighteen degrees, unless the trail spade had been deeply dug into the ground; however, the 75 mm field gun was not designed for plunging fire. A battery included 160 horses, most of them pulling ammunition as well as repair and supply caissons. Besides use on the two main American medium tanks of the war the M3 Lee (M2 or M3 gun) and the M4 Sherman (M3 gun). The 75s also became widely used as truck mounted anti-aircraft artillery. Location of events unknown. The French 75 introduced a new concept in artillery technology: rapid firing without realigning the gun after each shot. In 1941, these guns began to become surplus when they were gradually being replaced by the M2A1 105 mm M101 split-trail Howitzer; some were removed from their towed carriages and installed on the M3 Half-Track as the M3 Gun Motor Carriage (GMC). Download books for free. By the early 1930s, the only US artillery units that remained horse-drawn were those assigned to infantry and cavalry divisions. Translated to English and republished by US Army War College 1917, Notes on the French 75-mm Gun. Albert Deport, Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville and Emile Rimailho. For this role the tank gun required good general-purpose performance but anti-tank capability was not paramount. [11] The basic, unmodified gun was known in British service as "Ordnance, QF, 75mm Mk 1", although many of the guns were issued to units on converted or updated mountings. gun. Perhaps people gonna write about muzzle velocity and armor piercing ability but that a not really a big deal. Some of the guns had their wheels and part of their carriages cut away so that they could be mounted on a pedestal called a "Mounting, 75mm Mk 1". 75-mm Gun. The field gun origins of the ordnance and ammunition ensured that the M2/3/6 series HE round was highly effective for its caliber. This 6.76 kg (14.9 lb) round travelled at 625 m/s (2,050 ft/s) and contained 1.5 pounds of TNT filling and choice of Super Quick (SQ) or Delay (PD) with 0.05 or 0.15 seconds of delay fuse. the 155 mm Schneider howitzer and the long-range Canon de 155mm GPF). During the 1930s, most M1897A2 and A3 (French made) and M1897A4 (American made) guns were subsequently modernized for towing behind trucks by mounting on the modern carriage M2A3 which featured a split trail, pneumatic rubber tires allowing towing at any speed, an elevation limit increased to 45 degrees, and traverse increased to 30 degrees left and right. SQ was the standard setting with PD used against structures, gun positions or lightly protected vehicles. The wheel brakes could be swung under each wheel ("abattage"), and, together with the trail spade, they immobilized the gun during firing. Along with new ammunition, these features increased the effective range and allowed the gun to be used as an anti-tank gun, in which form it equipped the first tank destroyer battalions. A 4-gun battery firing shrapnel could deliver 17,000 ball projectiles over an area 100 meters wide by 400 meters long in a single minute, with devastating results. Initially produced under great secrecy, with details of its design jealously guarded by the French government, the soixante-quinze went on to have a long, worldwide history of service that lasted well into World War II. By 1944 this had become the standard British tank gun equipping the Cromwell tank and Churchill tank for the campaigns in northwest Europe. Krupp would later reject Haussner's invention, due to insoluble technical problems caused by hydraulic fluid leakage. [16] Carriages were built by Willys-Overland, the hydro-pneumatic recuperators by Singer Manufacturing Company and Rock Island Arsenal, the cannon itself by Symington-Anderson and Wisconsin Gun Company. Elevation range of the gun in this turret was +13 to -6 degrees. The versatile and mobile French 75mm cannon was a revolutionary design that saw widespread use during both world wars. [9] At the Armistice there were 29 guns in service in Britain. These guns offered much improved performance against tanks but because they fired High Explosive rounds that were inferior to those of the 75mm guns, the larger calibre guns never completely replaced the older models. The independent sight had also been perfected for easy field use by the crews, and a nickel-steel shield was added to protect the gunners. In the meantime it had to do with a total of about four thousand de Bange 90 mm, 120 mm and 155 mm field and converted fortress guns, all without recoil brakes, that were effective but inferior in rate of fire to the more modern German heavy artillery. Their contribution was a leakproof hydro-pneumatic long-recoil mechanism which they named "Frein II" (Brake # II). The new barrel was made of steel alloy with chrome and nickel with excellent mechanical resistance to pressure which allowed, after modifying the firing brake, the recovery arch and the sighting devices an increase of the range from 8.5 km to 11.2 km and a rate of fire of 20 rounds/minute. 1897(1897 Pattern cannon), was one of most important artillery systems ever. By 1918 the 75s became the main agents of delivery for toxic gas shells. For example according to the French Ministry of Defense the shot should penetrate 89mm @ 0° @ 500m. This was actually a APCBCHE-T or Armor Piercing, Capped, Ballistic-Capped, High Explosive Tracer type round which contained a tracer element so the gunner could follow the trajectory of the round to make corrections for the next shot if necessary. The French 75:The 75mm M1897 field gun that revolutionized modern artillery (Osprey New Vanguard 288) | Steven J. Zaloga | download | B–OK. US Army also experimented with mounting of the M3 on various wheeled carriages for use as anti-tank gun, but the program was cancelled due to lack of requirement.[1]. Equipped American and British vehicles such as the Medium Tank M4, the later models of the Medium Tank M3 and the Churchill III/IV (scavenged from General Sherman tanks in the North African theatre). Longer derivative of the M2. During World War 2 these guns also used Costinescu 75 mm anti-tank round. U.S. armored doctrine in World War II saw the tank as a deep-attack or exploitation vehicle. American industry built 1,050 French 75s during World War I, but only 143 had been shipped to France by 11 November 1918; most American batteries used French-built 75s in action. These people must be confusing it with the German KwK 37 L/24 75mm gun that armed the first versions of the Panzer IV. The British after experiencing the effectiveness of the American 75mm tank guns in the infantry support role opted to adopt the American caliber and ammunition by the expedient of boring-out the 6 pounder tank gun to make the Ordnance QF 75 mm. Because of the gun's traversing ability, the greater the distance to the enemy concentration, the wider the area that could be swept. The major difference of ATG is specialized gun carriage. Their relatively flat trajectories extended all the way to the designated targets. That second cylinder contained a freely floating piston which separated the surging oil from a confined volume of compressed air. The main gun was seen as a means of overcoming obstacles as the tank proceeded to … These vehicles had thick frontal armor that proved largely immune to the M61 projectiles fired by the M3 tank gun and severely tarnished the reputation of the M4 Medium tank. The gun was officially adopted on 28 March 1898 under the name "Matériel de 75mm Mle 1897". These guns had the great disadvantage for tank use of not having a truly effective High Explosive round or not even having the option of a HE round. Further, 40 former French Shermans equipped with French AMX-13 turrets were captured from Egypt in 1956. [6] Older artillery had to be resighted after each shot in order to stay on target, and thus fired no more than two aimed shots per minute. I read that there were 851 American 18 pdrs and 900 ex-American French “75s” (the ancient 75mm N 1897 field gun) but both seem to be called the M1917. Several types of guns of close caliber were barreled to use the best ammunition available for 75 mm caliber, explosive projectile model 1917 "Schneider". In typical use, the French 75 could deliver fifteen rounds per minute on its target, either shrapnel or melinite high-explosive, up to about 8,500 m (5.3 mi) away. After it was judged possible, a formal request was sent out on 13 July 1892. Non-modified remainders were used as second-line and coastal artillery pieces under the German designation 7.5 cm FK 231(f) and 7,5 cm FK 97(p). The tank was not supposed to engage enemy tanks. The armor piercing cap,made of a softer metal, helped to prevent shell shatter at higher velocities and against sloped and "face-hardened" armor. This problem was solved by equipping the field artillery regiments with the French 75mm mle 1897 field gun. … modèle 1897 sur affût de campagne modèle 1897 approprié aux côtes. The US designation of the basic weapon was 75 mm Gun M1897. The Canon de 75 modèle 1897 is still used in France as a saluting gun. A battery included 160 horses, most of them pulling ammunition as well as repair and supply caissons. ", L’ARTILLERIE FRANÇAISE DE 1945 A 1990 (LES PIÈCES ET LEUR ENVIRONNEMENT), http://www.1939.pl/uzbrojenie/polskie/artyleria/a_75mm_wz97/index.html, Manual For The Battery Commander. 3-4 rpm sustained (dependent on rate of cooling), A 5.3-kilogram (12 lb) impact-detonated, thin-walled steel, high-explosive (HE) shell with a time-delay, This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 14:25. U.S. armored doctrine in World War II saw the tank as a deep-attack or exploitation vehicle. The French 75mm quick firing field gun was a game changing weapon. In December 1894, Deport was passed over for promotion, and resigned to join "Chatillon-Commentry", a private armaments firm. French field gun. Army. The US 75 mm gun tank gun M2 and the later M3 were the standard American tank guns of the Second World War. After reviewing the blueprints in February 1892, the French artillery engineers advised that a gun should be produced without purchasing the Haussner invention. The smoothness of this system had no equal in 1897, and for at least another ten years. The lightweight M6 and M5 variants were developed to equip the Light Tank M24 and the B-25 Mitchell bomber. I read that the Tank Destroyer forces started with the famed French 75mm gun. Another 6 horses pulled each additional limber and caisson which were assigned to each gun. Ordnance Dept, May 1920, United States War Department. American soldiers who faced the Panther in combat were almost universal in the high marks they gave to the Panther’s features. 3. They were operated by field artillery and anti-tank units. The forerunner of the French 75 was an experimental 57 mm gun which was first assembled in September 1891 at the Bourges arsenal under the direction of a Captain Sainte-Claire Deville. Pages 80–93 in "Handbook of artillery : including mobile, anti-aircraft and trench matériel (1920)" United States. New 75 mm guns were developed specifically for anti-aircraft use. FRENCH 75MM GUN - The 75mm M1897 field gun that revolutionized modern artillery. The same rounds used in the 76mm gun could penetrate 6 to 7 inches of armor. Its firing rate could even reach close to 30 rounds per minute, albeit only for a very short time and with a highly experienced crew. The tank's job was to pour through a breach in the enemy front line created by infantry and artillery and exploit that breach by attacking the enemy rear. Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, World War II artillery of the United States, List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation, Armor penetration table of US 75 mm guns, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/75_mm_Gun_M2/M3/M6?oldid=4377477, Armour penetration (M72 AP shell, 457 m, at 90 degrees): 60 mm, Armour penetration (M72 AP shell, 457 m, at 90 degrees): 76 mm, TM 9-2800 Standard Artillery and Fire Control Material (dated February 1944). Colonel Joseph-Albert Deport, at the time the Director of the Atelier de Construction de Puteaux (APX), and asked him whether he could construct a gun on the general principle of the Haussner long-cylinder recoil without infringing the existing patents. Some French guns were modernized between the wars, in part to adapt them for anti-tank fire, resulting in the Canon de 75 Mle 1897/33 which fired a high-explosive anti-tank shell. At the beginning in 1914, the French 75 fired two main types of shells, both with high muzzle velocities (535 m/s for the shrapnel shell ) and a maximum range of 8,500 meters. At the time the contribution of 75 mm artillery to these military successes, and thus to the French victories that ensued, was seen as significant. Many others were used for training until 1942. [16] Manufacture of the French 75 by American industry began in the spring of 1918 and quickly built up to an accelerated pace. There is a perception that Saint-Chamond somehow used their own 75mm gun without permission and the royalties for the gun went to Lt.Col. The 75-mm Aircraft gun M4 ia a modification of the M3 gun which is found in medium tanks. The 75 mm tank gun has its origins in the famous French Canon de 75 modèle 1897 field gun of World War I fame [citation needed], which was also adopted by the United States and used well into World War II as the 75 mm M1897 field gun.The tank and field guns fired the same range of 75x350R ammunition. There was also the M88 base-ejecting smoke round and the M89 White Phosphorus (WP or "Willy Pete") round which proved highly effective in the Bocage fighting around Normandy. In British service, the AP shell was used without its explosive filling, and as such was referred to as "AP Shot M61". In 1891 Haussner sold his patents to a firm named Gruson, which searched for potential buyers. This allowed it to be used in an anti-aircraft role. When the German 7.5 cm Pak 40 became available in sufficient numbers, most remaining Pak 97/38 pieces were returned to occupied France to reinforce the Atlantic Wall defenses or were supplied to Axis nations like Romania (PAK 97/38) and Hungary. Extensive trials, however, revealed that it was still prone to hydraulic fluid leakage from the long-recoil mechanism. There is a very large difference between the French data on the performance of the 47mm/L53 and the German data. The final experimental version of Deport's 75 mm field gun was tested during the summer of 1894 and judged very promising. With the exception of the German " 42," no gun in the war has created more interest than the famous French 75-mra. The first armor-piercing round was the 18 lb (8.2 kg) M72 AP-T, a plain uncapped AP round whose performance dropped off as range increased due to poor aerodynamics. In practice the majority of M61 rounds were shipped without the explosive filler. Some models were modernized at Resita works in 1935 including French md. In between the wars the US army kept the mle 1897 as their main field gun and these came in a number of variants, the initial versions made in France, versions built under licence in the US, and later versions with slightly different carriages. The French 75 was a devastating anti-personnel weapon against waves of infantry attacking in the open, as at the Marne and Verdun. This 57 mm gun took advantage of a number of the most advanced artillery technologies available at the time: The only major design difference between the 57 and 75 that would emerge was the recoil system. The 75mm Regimental Gun M121 is an American light, high-velocity dual purpose rifled gun. field gun… Every shell, whether it be a high-explosive or shrapnel shell, was fixed to a brass case which was automatically ejected when the breech was opened. [13] [14]. The upgrade was made with removable barrels. Both the tank and field guns fired the same range of 75x350R ammunition. Centre des archives de l'armement et du personnel civil 578 1F3 477, on Alienor.org -, Naval Norman Friedman Weapons of World War One, Seaforth Publishing, 2011, p. 227. Britain also purchased a number of the standard 75 mm guns and adapted them for AA use using a Coventry Ordnance Works mounting, the "Centre Trunnion". The penetration according to France is more than 40% higher than the German evaluation. It was much shorter and had a lower shell velocity than the 75 mm SA 50 gun. At the opening of World War I, in 1914, the French Army had about 4,000 of these field guns in service. Two young military engineers from Ecole Polytechnique, Captains Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville and Emile Rimailho, continued development and introduced an improved version in 1896. October 1917, Range tables for French 75-/mm Gun Model 1897, 75 Millimeter Gun Material Model of 1897 M1 (French). Enlisted men from the countryside took care of the 6 horses that pulled each gun and its first limber. The 75mm modèle 1897–1915[21] was placed on SMCA modèle 1925 mountings with a vertical elevation of -10 to +70° and a 360° rotation. US Army War College. They are used for State ceremonies. 15-30 rpm burst (dependent on crew training and fatigue) By 1945 the outcry from US Army tankers had reached the ears of General Eisenhower too many times. French artillery team run up behind a field gun -- next to gun is a metal case with shells. Once the projectile had penetrated the target a small explosive charge at the base of the shell would detonate shattering the shell, and increasing damage inside the enemy vehicle. Autore: Steven J. Zaloga Codice: 228M024288 Prenota Richiedi informazioni Dillo ad un amico. My father trained on the 3 inch gun while originally with the tank destroyers. Its official French designation was: Matériel de 75mm Mle 1897. The public saw it for the first time during the Bastille Day parade of 14 July 1899. Another 6 horses pulled each additional limber and caisson which were assigned to each gun. When the barrel recoiled, the piston was pulled back by the barrel's recoil and thus pushed the oil through a small orifice and into a second cylinder placed underneath. 75mm M3 spec booklet MK VI Download. it was mounted on the M6 mount. Each recoil cycle on the French 75, including the return forward, lasted about two seconds, permitting a maximum attainable firing rate of about 30 rounds per minute. This 57 mm gun took advantage of a number of the most advanced artillery technologies available at the time: 1. Colonel Sainte-Claire Deville corrected the problem, which was due to microfissures in the bases of the shells, due to shortcuts in manufacturing. Conceived by Major Deport and manufactured by different French arsenals, it is usually associated with Schneider firm (although some claim, that Schneider actually did not produce these guns). The gun could be traversed laterally 3 degrees to the sides by sliding the trail on the wheel's axle. 1) Vieille's smokeless powder, which was introduced in 1884. When using high-velocity armor-piercing (HVAP) rounds, the 75mm guns were able to penetrate 4 to 4.5 inches of armor at nearly 1,100 yards. Other important rounds fired by the 75mm tank guns were the T30 Canister shot for use against troops in the open at short range. 2. What a great result, big thanks David, I keep on reading about a gun called 75mm Schneider nle 1914 but I cant find any data, is it the same as the 75mm Puteaux mle 1897/33 ?, one more thing David, are the above AA guns all 75mm L/51, because this weapon keeps cropping up in my French … The 75mm M2 and M3 tank guns of the M3 Lee and M4 Sherman Medium tanks, the 75mm M6 tank gun of the M24 Chaffee light tank and the 75mm gun of the -G and -H subtypes of the B-25 Mitchell bomber all used the same ammunition as the M1897. Finally there was the Armor-piercing for which 2 different rounds were provided. In March of 1945 he wrote to the commanding generals of both the US 2nd and 3rdArmored Divisions on the subject of the Panther, stating: From time to time I find short stories where some reporter is purpor… In 1915 Britain acquired a number of "autocanon de 75 mm mle 1913" anti-aircraft guns, as a stopgap measure while it developed its own anti-aircraft alternatives. A substantial number had been delivered to Poland in 1919–20, together with infantry ordnance, in order to fight in the Polish-Soviet War. Photo: Peter Lau, Rock Publishing [17] When the French Army discarded its 105 HM2 howitzers to replace them with MO-120-RT mortars,[18] only 155mm artillery pieces remained, for which no blank cartridges were available. Hydraulic fluid leakage was typical of this experimental phase of artillery development during the 1890s, as Haussner and Krupp had previously experienced. A truck-mounted anti-aircraft version of the French 75 was assembled by the automobile firm of De Dion-Bouton and adopted in 1913. [2][3] It was the first field gun to include a hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism, which kept the gun's trail and wheels perfectly still during the firing sequence. The M3 GMC also formed the equipment of the early American tank destroyer battalions during operations in North Africa and Italy, and continued in use with the British in Italy and in small numbers in Northern Europe until the end of the war. This action absorbed the recoil progressively as the internal air pressure rose and, at the end of recoil, generated a strong but decreasing back pressure that returned the gun forward to its original position. The 75mm Gun Model of 1917 (British) was an interim measure, based on the British QF 18 pounder, produced by the United States in World War I after it had decided to switch from 3-inch (76mm) to 75mm calibre for its field guns. The barrel was attached near the breech to a piston rod extending into an oil-filled cylinder placed just underneath the gun. They were also the main armament of the Saint-Chamond tank in 1918. The French Navy adopted the 75mm modèle 1897 for its coastal batteries[19] and warships[20]. FROM "L'ECOLE DU COMMANDANT DU BATTERIE, I PARTIE, CANON 75", Of THE FRENCH ARTILLERY SCHOOL, OF DECEMBER, 1916, CORRECTED TO MARCH, 1917. Thus, with time, the French 75 batteries became routinely used to cut corridors with high-explosive shells, across the belts of German barbed wire. M61 had a muzzle velocity of 620 m/s (2,030 ft/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate 3.7 inches (94 mm) of armor plate at 500 yards range, which was a quite acceptable performance by the standards of 1942. While the tank's main gun was considered satisfactory, its armor was deemed to be too light. In 1953, an Israeli military delegation visited France to examine the then-new AMX-13/75 light tank, which was armed with the high-velocity CN 75-50 75 mm tank gun. They also learned that Krupp was considering introducing the system after testing it. An early adaption of the weapon was for anti-aircraft purposes. Note on reverse "24.X.18". Various deceptions, some of them linked to the Dreyfus Case which erupted in 1894, had been implemented by Deloye and French counter-intelligence to distract German espionage.[5]. M3 GMCs were used in the Pacific theater during the Battle for the Philippines and by Marine Regimental Weapons Companies until 1944. M2 75 mm gun as mounted in medium tank M3. During the barrel's recoil the floating piston was forced forward by the oil, compressing the air even further. The French 75 gave its best performances during the Battle of the Marne in August–September 1914 and at Verdun in 1916. 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